preposition / adverb
by
Used to indicate an agent, method, nearby position, or time limit.
The parcel sits by the door, ready for collection.
Etymology
Old English bi marked a nearby position. English by also relates an action to its agent or means, and sets a deadline by which something must happen.
More examples
- The portrait was painted by her grandfather.
- Please finish the report by Friday.
- She traveled by train while the countryside passed by.
Forms
by
Similar words
- near
- Covers nearby position, but not agency, method, or a deadline.