adjective / noun

refractory

rih-FRAK-tuh-ree/rɪˈfræktəri/

Resistant to an influence intended to change it.

The refractory mule resists the handler's gentle lead toward the gate.

Stubborn mule plants hooves and refuses handler's gentle lead toward open gate, resistance to control.

Etymology

reLatinback

+fractLatinto break

+oryLatincharacterized by

'Back' and 'break' are said to suggest 'breaking back' attempts to enforce obedience. That proposed image connects stubbornness with the wider sense of resisting control or treatment.

In context

Jill Carnahan, MD42:36

patients who have refractory uh or difficult to manage uh psychiatric problems

190: Resiliency Radio with Dr. Jill: Manifestations of Mast Cell Activation (MCAS) in the Gut!

More examples

Her seizures remain refractory to standard treatment.
Refractory bricks protect the kiln walls from intense heat.
The furnace lining contains refractories that withstand extremely high temperatures.

Forms

refractory · refractories

refractoriness noun — The quality of resisting control or change.

Similar words

resistant: Broadly describes opposition or the ability to withstand something.
unresponsive: Emphasizes lack of reaction, especially to treatment or stimulation.
obstinate: Emphasizes stubborn refusal to change one's behavior or opinion.